Russian balancing act in South Asia

The changing geo-political equations in the Indian sub-continent have left Russia in a flux seeking to have a strategic balance between India and Pakistan. Even as its soldiers are in Pakistan for their maiden joint military drill, Russia on Monday supported India’s surgical strikes by contending that every country has a right to defend itself.

Russia’s Ambassador to New Delhi Alexander M Kadakin on Monday welcomed the surgical strikes conducted by India on the intervening night of September 28-29.

“Greatest human rights violations take place when terrorists attack military installations and attack peaceful civilians in India. We welcome the surgical strike. Every country has right to defend itself,” the Russian Embassy quoted Kadakin to have told an Indian news channel.

India has restrained from officially commenting on the war games between its arch rival Pakistan and arch patron Russia. The only saving grace for New Delhi was that Moscow cancelled the last leg of the military exercise "Friendship-2016" planned in the Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir (PoK).

The Russian Envoy tried to ally India’s discomfort at the growing proximity between Islamabad and Moscow. “India should not be concerned about military exercises between Russia and Pakistan because the theme of the exercise is anti-terror fighting. That's in India’s interests that we teach Pakistani army not to use itself for terror attacks against India. And the exercise was not held in any sensitive or problematic territories like Pakistan-occupied Indian state of Jammu", said the Russian Ambassador. The exercise is being seen a response to the deepening of defence cooperation between India and the US.

The latest statement emanating from Russia has been one of the series of statements issued earlier Moscow condemning the Uri attacks and asking Pakistan to make more efforts to rein in the terrorists in its territory.

With India seeking to diversify its defence supply has been purchasing military hardware from the US and European countries; Pakistan has tried to woo Russia and has expressed interest in buying Sukhoi fighter jets. 

 

SAARC Obituary: BIMSTEC becomes Most Favoured Regional grouping

September 24: By officially pulling out of the SAARC summit scheduled in Islamabad, New Delhi on Tuesday wrote an obituary for the regional bloc that has outlived its relevance. In the face of peevish Pakistan holding SAARC hostage by blocking all development projects, BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) has emerged as the most favoured regional grouping and India has decided to work bilaterally or trilaterally with Afghanistan.

Earlier India had refrained from official announcement on whether Prime Minister Narendra Modi would attend the summit for the heads of states of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). But as it becomes clear that Modi will not travel to Islamabad this could be a death knell for the regional bloc.
Member countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka are now working towards a more connected and integrated South Asia with visa free people and vehicle movement; and by making energy grids. Only one country will be left behind and that seems to be Pakistan.
In 2014, Pakistan had blocked a common Motor Vehicle Agreement for the SAARC countries to facilitate free transport movement in the region. But on August 28, as Islamabad was busy ratcheting up Kashmir issue, a cargo truck loaded with Garments started for India as part of trial run under the Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicle Agreement (MVA).  “For long the region’s potential has been curtailed due to one spiteful country, this showcase agreement has been long overdue,” said a senior diplomat.
Over next five years, 30 road projects will be constructed at a cost of $8 billion with technical assistance from the Asian Development Bank. A proposal is there to extend the project to other three members of the BIMSTEC namely – Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand.
The South Asian region has been the least interconnected region in the world with internal trade amounting for only 5 percent of the total trade of the countries. India is also helping Afghanistan to construct rail and road tracks to get it accessibility to Chahbahar Port to reduce its dependence on Pakistan for trade. Most recently Pakistan has been dragging its feet to provide transit rights to India to export wheat required by Afghanistan, despite the “humanitarian” nature of the requirement.
“Afghanistan is now member of WTO (World Trade Organisation) and as such has rights including transit rights and other countries has corresponding obligation to provide transit rights. We all know that the concerned country also a WTO member does not have much respect for global rules whether it is trade in ordinary products or nuclear proliferation. The bottom line is Afghanistan’s right to access has been seriously infringed,” the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) spokesperson Vikas Swarup said.
On Afghanistan, India has formed India-Afghanistan-Iran trilateral to provide Afghanistan access to Central Asian market and explore alternate trade routes and is working in the India-US-Afghanistan trilateral for building military capability of the country.
This year a proposal for a single visa for the BIMSTEC countries on the lines of Europe’s Schengen visa was mooted. Negotiations are on for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between these countries that will cover 1.6 billion people with a total GDP of $ 3 trillion.
Pakistan has backed out of the SAARC satellite proposed by India that will provide range of services to all neighbours in the areas of telecommunications and broadcasting applications and disaster management. But enthusiasm on part of other countries, especially Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Maldives and Nepal; means the ISRO-developed satellite is likely to be launched by the end of the year.

India steams into Afghan border to counter Pakistan

Ditching its long-held worry of feeding into Islamabad’s insecurities by helping Kabul, India will start work on a 500-km-long rail track in the Hajigak region of Afghanistan, giving the country access to the Iranian port of Chabahar, just 72 km west of Pakistan’s Gwadar port that is being built with Chinese help.

Rail tracks from Khaaf in Iran reached zero point at the Afghan border and now the track-laying on Afghan side will begin. “Iran has finished its half. Now the first phase inside Afghan territory to lay 62 km in Ghoriyan district has been launched and will take around four months to complete,” sources said. Indian Ambassador to Afghanistan Manpreet Vohra attended the ceremony at the Iran-Afghan border on September 7.

The rail link passing through the mineral rich region of Afghanistan will open a new trade route for India to Central Asia and will reduce Afghanistan’s dependence on Pakistan for trade. The track to Chabahar port will allow exploration of the vast mineral reserves in the region bypassing Pakistan, which has refused New Delhi land access to Kabul. Hajigak, 130 km west of Kabul in Bamiyan province, has iron reserves worth $3 trillion. Twenty-two companies have been shortlisted to mine these, of which  14 are Indian, including a consortium led by Steel Authority of India Limited.

While India has shied away from providing boots on the ground, it has seized the opportunity to provide strategic assistance to Kabul with helicopters and rail tracks to provide sea access to the landlocked country. The network, seen as an answer to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, will be the launchpad for India for greater economic and strategic engagement with oil-rich Central Asia. There are prospects of tie-ups with Iran and Russia to create a network to Central Asia and finally to Europe through the International North-South Transport Corridor.

Pakistan recently rubbed in the influence it wields in Afghanistan’s trade when it closed the Friendship Gate at Chaman Post for over two weeks, crippling Kabul’s exports. Afghan imports through Karachi port declined by more than 40 per cent in February, and Afghan-Indian trade volume could increase four-fold if a trilateral agreement materializes.

Ministry of External Affairs officials have indicated that the three countries have during the 2nd India-Afghanistan-Iran trilateral in Tehran decided to hold meetings between experts on aspects of the project. Recommendations will be discussed in the 3rd Trilateral meeting in Kabul.

Balochistan needs to be serious part of Indian Foreign Policy: Bugti

Baloch people commemorate the death anniversary of prominent Balochistan separatist leader Nawab Akbar Bugti, who was killed on August 26, 2006 by Pakistan Army in an encounter. Here is an interview with his grandson Brahumdagh Bugti, who has founded the Baloch Republican Party and is presently in Switzerland in a self-imposed exile. Brahumdagh has given up his Pakistani passport and is buoyed by the recent 'moral support' extended by the Indian Government to the Balochistan cause. Asking India to make Balochistan a serious part of its Foreign Policy, Bugti wants India to become voice of Baloch people in International forums.

Read the interview here -

What has been your struggle all about and what are your demands from the State of Pakistan?

To understand the Baloch struggle, you have to go into the history. There were two parts of Balochistan at the time when British were about to leave the region, British Balochistan and state Balochistan. British Balochistan was forcefully annexed with Pakistan while state Balochistan was declared independent, only to be merged into Pakistan through military force nine months later in 1948.

In spite of such a horrible experience, the Baloch tried to adjust them within Pakistan but Pakistan always treated Balochistan as a colony and retaliated with violence and use of force whenever Baloch people raised voice their rights. The ongoing military operation is the fifth large scale army action in Balochistan since 1948. Every next government would make fake apologies for the state atrocities by previous rulers and make bogus promises to keep the Baloch within Pakistan. The Baloch would always fall into their traps sometimes made in the name of religion & sometimes in the name of greater autonomy and rights.

But after the start of military operation in early 2000s to crush the political demands of Baloch people & subsequent assassination of my grandfather Nawab Akbar Bugti in 2006, the Baloch have said “enough is enough, we can not be a part of Pakistan anymore.” Today every Baloch demand freedom from Pakistan and restoration of an independent homeland.

The government of Pakistan has invited the Balochi leaders in exile to come to negotiation table, what is your reaction? As Pakistan continues to put you in its Most Wanted List would you take the risk of going back?

It is always been a tactic of Pakistani state to use the negotiation card to counter the Baloch struggle and confuse the international community to justify state atrocities in Balochistan. In past Pakistan Army used Islam to lure the Baloch into so-called negotiations, only to persecute, jail and hang our leaders.

This time the tried to use the same old tactic again but their plan backfired when we agreed to meet them. I met former Pakistani CM in Balochistan Dr. Malik Baloch and a federal minister Abdul Qadir Baloch in Geneva but as expected, their calls for negotiations vanished in the air after we agreed on talks because they had expected us to reject the negotiations so they could counter the increasing international support for Baloch struggle and justify the use of force in Balochistan by labelling us terrorists. 

We are struggling politically for our demands and believe in political solutions but it is the Pakistani states that used violence and force to crush the legitimate demands of Baloch people. As far as going back is concerned, Balochistan is my homeland and i will not hesitate to go there when the right time comes.

Pakistan government has accused India of conspiring to trigger unrest in Balochistan, how do you respond to the allegations?

It has always been the favorite response by the Pakistani security establishment to blame foreign hand when the people rise against state atrocities and demand their rights. This blame game is as old as the country itself. For instance, they accused Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of being an Indian agent but later accepted him as a genuine leader, only to accuse him again afterwards.

They have been doing the same in Balochistan since the day one. One may ask, is it India that takes away all the resources and deprive the Baloch of their basic rights? Is it India that asks Pakistan army to commit gross human rights violations and war crimes against Baloch? Is it Indian Army that uses gunship helicopters and fighter jets on civilian populations in Balochistan?

If it is not India that has been doing all this then why do they blame India when people resist against these atrocities? It is but natural for people to defend themselves against such barbarism in all the ways possible.

How do you see the present stance of India with respect to Balochistan? How do you think India can contribute to the cause of Balochistan?

We see it is a very positive development in the favor of Baloch national struggle internationally. We thank Indian Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi for his brave stance on Balochistan and we really appreciate how the Indian media is highlighting the issue. At the same time, I must also say that it should not be tit for tat approach of the Indian government for what Pakistan is doing in Kashmir. 

It should be a very serious part of the Indian foreign policy to raise the voice of oppressed Baloch people on international forums and pursue the international community to stop supporting the oppressive Pakistani regimes as the financial and military aid to Pakistan is being used to suppress the peaceful movement of Baloch nation.

It is the responsibility of India as a responsible neighbor and as a civilized country to become the voice of Baloch people in the world community and convince the United Nations to send fact finding missions to Balochistan to expose the Pakistani war crimes and to show the world what is really going on there.

Balochistan Chief Minister Nawab Sanaullah Zehri has said that Balochistan is different as Balochis love Pakistan, what is your take on it?

The so-called government in Balochistan doesn’t represent the Baloch masses. The mere fact that only three percent of votes were caste in 2013 Pakistani general elections in Balochistan is enough to reject the legitimacy of this so-called government. 97 percent of the people boycotted the elections and didn’t cast their votes despite the use of force by the Pakistani forces to participate in the polls.

It is normal for an occupying state to create such dummy government in its occupied territories to legitimize the illegal occupation. To assess the demands of the Baloch people and to know whether they want to live with Pakistan or want an independent homeland, the easiest way is to hold a referendum under the supervision of United Nations in Balochistan. The results would show what the Baloch really want.

Questions are being raised over the support you command among Baloch people. Pakistan has contended that your support base is very small. How do you establish yourself as the rightful leader of the Baloch people?

I think the answer to this question is same as the previous one. If you withdraw Pakistani army from Balochistan and hold a referendum under the supervision of UN peacekeeping forces, the Baloch will decide who their leader is and what their demands are.

Do you still carry Pakistani passport?

No

How would you justify the use of violence in support of your cause?

I believe in peaceful means of struggle. The Baloch struggle for freedom and sovereignty is completely peaceful and democratic in nature. Pakistan’s response to it has always been violent and oppressive. All the pro-independence Baloch political parties and student organisations have been banned forcing them to go underground. Thousands of their activists including leaders have been abducted, detained & tortured for years and in almost all cases killed and their mutilated dead bodies dumped on roadsides. 

Crackdown against political parties has given rise to armed struggle in Balochistan and there are many armed groups resisting the Pakistani occupying forces and their atrocities. Baloch youth are attracted towards armed struggle more because you cannot expect someone to remain silent if you attack his house, abduct and kill his family members. It is but human nature to resist and fight to defend himself. 

Do you think with China having strategic interests in the region, especially in the form of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), it has become difficult to achieve your objective?

Balochistan’s strategic location makes it very important for regional and international powers. China also has its interests in the region and it has join hands with Pakistan to achieve its objectives. China will not only benefit economically by getting access to the Baloch waters through the so-called China-Pakistan Economic Corridor but increase its strategic influence.

The Baloch have rejected CPEC as a plan to further exploit their natural resources and convert them into a minority in their homeland through influx of Pakistani people. Pakistani forces intensified state atrocities & human rights abuses to silence the Baloch voices against CPEC. 

Let me also emphasize on the fact that Baloch are the only people in the region who are secular and natural allies of the countries like India, US and the western world. They have unfortunately remained silent on the sufferings of Baloch people. It is the responsibility of these countries to raise voice against Baloch genocide not only because it is their duty as civilized nations but also they need to support the Baloch national struggle because we are their only allies in the region with same interests. 

Pakistan sponsors, trains and export terrorists to the neighboring countries and rewards those who burn US and Indian flags. We are the only people share the same values with the civilized world. If they don’t support the Baloch today, they will not only fail their values but also lose their only friend in the region.

Woes of Paksitan - Militarisation, Radicalisation & Alienation

The problems underlying some conflicts are so simple that one tends to overlook them while laying out a resolution plan. It is the same with Pakistan authorities who have vowed to beat “terrorism” in a week, a problem that has been created over a period of nearly three decades. And instead of looking at the root causes of the present mess – militarisation, radicalisation and alienation; the whole of Pakistan is unanimously rallying around the Pakistan Army that has decided that fighter jets bombing a part of their country is the solution to resolve the problem.

Sprinting to give a knee-jerk reaction the Pakistan state, which has always been represented by the Pakistan Army, has completely sidelined the reason that the militants, who conducted the killings in a school in Peshawar. The militants did it in the name of avenging the deaths of their near and dear ones during the air strikes that the Pakistani forces have conducted in the region since June this year. The air strikes have apparently left 1700 ‘suspected militants’ dead and the figure of people dying as collateral damage has seldom come out. In the chest beating that followed, the issue of innocents, including women and children, has totally escaped being discussed in the public domain in Pakistan or elsewhere.

The collective public clamour for revenge reminded me of a conversation that I had with a friend from Pakistan. I told him that pounding your own population with fighter jets is not a good idea, in reference to the air strikes launched by Pakistani forces since June this year in their own country. My friend responded saying the operation is for snuffing out ‘terrorists’ inimical to Pakistan’s interests. And I asked him if he has ever heard any other country deploying fighter jets against its own people and what about the innocent killed in the strike as fighter jets are not precision weapons. Like a firm believer in the Pakistan Armed Forces he replied “our army knows how to handle the situation, the fighter jets are designed for precision bombing”.

For the starters, in the paucity of an apt analogy, the situation is akin to if India had deployed fighter jets in Kashmir at the peak of insurgency. Fighter jets are not meant to kill a person; they destroy neighborhoods and regions all together. But the blind faith of the Pakistan’s population in its Army and a consistent disdain towards its elected representatives is the symptom of the grave problem afflicting the country. The three main problems of Pakistan at the moment are militarisation, radicalization and alienation of its population. The future of Pakistan does not depend upon its Army, rather on sending the Army back to its barracks, institutionalising democracy, cessation of religious intolerance in all forms and giving more power to the federal structure to give representation to its diverse population groups.

Militarisation

Within first decade of its inception, Pakistan faced a military coup that saw General Ayub Khan taking over the power in 1958. Since then Pakistan has come a long way experiencing a slew of military coups and periods of martial law. The result has been the general militarisation of day to day life. Today, there are very few Pakistanis left who would raise an eyebrow when the all-powerful Pakistan Army would dictate terms to elected government and would meddle in all affairs – whether domestic or otherwise.

The level of militarisation can also be gauged from the fact that two Nobel Laureates from Pakistan – Abdus Salam and Malala Yusfazai – do not enjoy the status of hero in the society. 

The former, a physicist, belongs to Ahmadiyya community of Pakistan which was through a constitutional amendment in 1974 were declared non-Muslims and in 1984 under the rule of General Zia ul Haq further restrictions were placed on their religious freedom. Malala, who had been shot by the Taliban militants for championing the right of girl education, received ire of Pakistan masses for bringing ‘disrepute’ to her country in international arena.

At the same time Zia ul Haq, who took over Pakistan in 1977 and is one of the longest serving head of states of the country and has to his credit the ‘Islamisation’ of the society and its foreign policy, is revered as the country’s hero. He consolidated the strategy of supporting extremism as a tool of countering India is well known. His famous quote of “bleeding India by 1000 cuts” referring to the proxy war, has often been quoted by the proponents of the use of extremists against India. General Parvez Musharraf, who led Pakistan into the botched up military operation in Kargil against India in 1999, is also hailed as hero.

Militaries’ job is to secure the borders against external enemy and not to govern. But majority of Pakistanis continue to be oblivion to this truth. And there is no soul searching on how the decades of military rule has debilitated the social fabric of the country and the Army has also replied by pandering to the public’s emotions of revenge in response to the Peshawar Attack and presents itself as the savior of Pakistan as a nation.

Radicalisation

The education curriculum in Pakistan, which has been shaped by years of military rule, promotes a ‘muscular’ national identity through falsification of historical facts, political use of religion and encouraging xenophobia. The generation of Pakistanis born and raised since the rule of Zia ul Haq do not have any influence of liberal thoughts. The education system fosters religious intolerance through a distorted narrative, based on hatred of imagined enemies, local and foreign; and is unable to prepare youngsters for job market.

According to the latest report of International Crisis Group in 2014, Pakistan’s public education system “needs to foster a tolerant citizenry, capable of competing in the labour market and supportive of democratic norms within the country and peace with the outside world”. A decade prior, Crisis Group had come out with a report that had raised caution against the Pakistan education system radicalising young people. And since then little has changed and Pakistan continues to have lowest education expenditure in the region. According to the Crisis Group’s latest report the country has second highest number of out of school children in the world.

Here is an extract from the report, describing the radicalisation of Pakistan’s population through education – “An over-emphasis in textbooks on Islamic interpretations, not just in religion classes but also in history, literature and the sciences, has been used to create a discourse on national identity that validates the politically dominant military’s domestic and foreign policy agendas. Control over the curriculum by military and military-backed governments has been used, for instance, to galvanise popular opposition to their main adversary, India, and support for jihadi proxies in Indian-administered Kashmir and Afghanistan.” The Peshawar attack should have acted as a wake-up call for Pakistan if its decades-old strategy to counter the “Indian threat” has paid off or pushed into an abyss. The need of the hour is a proactive zero-tolerance against all forms of religious extremism.

Alienation

Since its origin the Pakistani state has laid a greater emphasis on national cohesion, crowding out religious, regional and linguistic minorities from the public sphere. The military operations can assuage the public anger in the wake of the Peshawar attack, but they cannot provide long term solution for this problem of alienation that population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Balochistan face due to the imposition of the culture of Urdu-speaking Punjabi community that dominates practically all spheres in Pakistan. 

Rising mob violence against minorities, that form 3.7 percent of Pakistan’s population, cases of alleged blasphemy, forced conversion of girls from minority community is a grim reality that has furthered the alienation of the minorities. The heightened sense of religious identity among the majority population is the challenge staring the Pakistan state in face. A briefing note presented by Pakistan Dalit Solidarity Network to UN Special Procedures mandate holders summarized the situation like this : “The level of violence and the extent of threat to their identity, culture, religion, to their life and property have reached a point where the minorities are pushed to live a life in perpetual fear and anxiety of an impending disaster.”

The Shia-Sunni divide and cleavage between Muslims and non-Muslims has reached a critical level. All of these point towards institutional indifference or discrimination against certain regions or religions. The Pakistan political authority needs to take a call and have zero tolerance towards all forms of religious extremism – whether directed towards a sect, religion or a particular region.

 

(This opinion piece was published in Millenium Post )

A Tale of Two Cities divided by "Border"

The two cities speak the same language and have had a shared history. But fate threw them on different sides of the border. For Narva and Ivangorod – small towns in Estonia and Russia respectively- the history has been strongly tied to each other as both were part of the erstwhile Soviet Empire. But after Soviet disintegration in 1991 they have been going through different narratives spawned by their respective governments and still maintain sanity in their approach towards each other.

The river border between the two towns.

Another view of the border

 

It was for the first time that I crossed a border by foot. Crossing the bridge between Ivangorod and Narva immediately brought the analogy of the border between India and Pakistan (which I have never been able to cross over) in my mind; or if we narrow it down further – that of Indian Occupied Kashmir and Pakistan Occupied Kashmir. Having cross border ties between families, the two cities have not cut down the people to people contact. The socio-economic cooperation is still going strong. This is in complete contrary to India and Pakistan cross border cooperation and beneficial to both sides, the two countries driven by their respective narratives do not want to budge at all. Here is an insight into the cross border cooperation happening in Narva and Ivangorod; and what it takes to be pragmatic in cross border cooperation.

The bridge linking the two towns

Both the towns were destroyed during the World War II and only three people were left alive. Both the towns were re-developed. They got separated in 1991 when Estonia – one of the Baltic States – left the USSR. Families got divided. So much so, Narva still has more than 80 percent of Russian speakers and only 4 percent speak Estonian language. The number of Estonian passport holders in the city is around 46 percent, those with Russian passport form 36 percent of the population and the rest are stateless (There are many who have chosen not to accept any citizenship. To become Estonian citizen one need to pass a language test, a daunting task for many of the old people living in the city.).

The two countries continue to engage in war of words, with Russia alleging mistreatment of Russian ethnics at the hands of the Estonian government, Estonia portray the USSR as the occupier of their country. Choosing language as the basis of citizenship stems from Estonia's quest to differentiate itself from its larger neighbour. The collective memory of Estonia which is still a nationalising state, is shaped to consider Russia as an enemy. Despite the gulf between the two countries, cooperation at social level continues between two towns.

 In this backdrop, are set the relations between Ivangorod and Narva. For border they have a river. But the imposing security paraphernalia like Indo-Pak border is conspicuous by its absence. People have relatives on the other side and can easily visit them. Before 2000, they did not require visa to go to the other side. Things became a bit difficult after Estonia joined the European Union, but the flow of people to and fro is pretty strong.

At social level and Municipal level they still cooperate. Speaking of this the Mayor of Ivangorod, Shahrova Tatyana said: “The cross border cooperation has been intensive and uninterrupted.” She was also born in Narva and her parents moved to Ivangorod after 1991. Gestures like celebrating the New Year together and one side giving big gifts to the first baby on the other side. Both sides are rebuilding their historical fortresses on both sides to boost tourism. There are people who live on one side of the border and go to work on the other side.

The complex administrative structure on the Russian side makes cooperation a bit difficult as border security is the federal subject and border cooperation falls under the ambit of municipal authorities. 

Cut to India-Pakistan border – one of the most highly controlled borders in the world having very non-liberalised visa policy. While I can understand the animosity between the two countries, I cannot fathom the ugly display of jingoism by the two sides. Shouting at the top of their voices, lifting their feet above their heads and virtually abusing each other- I really do not comprehend what the two sides portray to the thousands of tourists thronging the stands to witness the spectacle. Cross border trade and travel are highly restricted. The two countries barter 21 items, mainly vegetables and fruit across the Line of Control (the de-facto border between the Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir and the Indian Kashmir).